About the Plan

The

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

people 

The

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

area encompasses the city of Cambridge and the largely rural district of South Cambridgeshire. The area includes a world-renowned city, newly emerging towns of Cambourne, Northstowe and Waterbeach, a series of necklace villages close to Cambridge forming a total of around 100 villages. 

According to ONS data, Cambridge’s population is among the fastest growing in the country, increasing from 145,700 in 2021 to 150,000 in 2023; South Cambridgeshire’s population stands at 163,000. This growth reflects both the area’s economic attractiveness and its dynamic and shifting population. While

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

continues to attract young working adults and students, long-term demographic trends highlight a rapidly ageing population. Forecasts suggest that by 2031, the number of people aged 65 or over will grow by a further 26%, the majority of whom will be in the over-80s age band. 

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

contains many economically and culturally affluent areas, however, there is a complex picture of inequality, with not everyone participating in or benefiting from the area’s economic success. While housebuilding rates are rising and affordable housing is a required element of new developments, the continued increase in house prices relative to local wages remains a growing concern for many residents. Disparities in income, health outcomes, and access to services impact on the quality and inclusivity of service provision, including among Gypsy and Traveller communities, older residents, and those on lower incomes. 

The

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

economy 

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

is home to an internationally significant and well-established network of employment clusters, particularly in life sciences, information technology and advanced manufacturing, supported by two major universities. These knowledge intensive clusters play a pivotal role in sustaining

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

’s economic momentum and comprise some of the fastest-growing industry sectors in the UK. They have seen remarkable growth, with employment increasing by 3.0% between 2018 and 2024, more than double the 1.3% growth rate for these sectors seen across Great Britain. In the 2025 Global Innovation Index, Cambridge was ranked the second most intense innovation cluster globally. 

While these sectors are among the most prominent, the local economy is also diverse. The contribution of

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

’s education, retail, health, tourism, transport and agriculture sectors is crucial, providing a variety of employment opportunities and supporting the economic, social and environmental well-being of the area and its residents. The growth in employment, productivity and local start-ups of the area has created a rising demand for new employment floorspace, supporting infrastructure, a skilled and diverse workforce and a growing need for logistics and associated transport networks. 

The

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

environment 

The

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

landscape is varied with river valleys contrasting with open fens, wooded clay lands and ridges, and rolling chalk hills. A range of wildlife and habitats are present. It is also home to precious chalk streams which are rare at a global level.

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

also includes a rich mix of designated heritage assets. Built around the banks of the River Cam, Cambridge is a distinctive and iconic historic University city; equally, South Cambridgeshire villages contain many beautiful historically significant buildings and Conservation Areas, alongside sites recognised for their ecological, architectural and biodiversity value. The total number of listed buildings across Cambridge and South Cambridgeshire stands at 3,530. 

Climate change is an escalating challenge, both globally and in

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

. The area is already starting to feel the effects, such as more frequent and intense weather events, a rising risk of flooding (notably between 2023 and 2024) and increasing pressure on water supplies. In response, climate adaptation and mitigation are now central to many policy initiatives, including the proposed Fens Reservoir, planned to be operational between 2035 and 2037, which will play a vital role in securing long-term water supply and resilience for the region. 

The policies in the

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

form part of the

This refers to development in its widest sense, including buildings, and streets, spaces and places. It also refers to both redevelopment, including refurbishment, as well as new development.

Plan for the area, along with the

Comprises a suite of documents including the Core Strategy and Site-Specific Proposals Plan adopted by Cambridgeshire County and Peterborough City Councils. There is also an adopted Proposals Map, which shows allocated sites and areas of search for future minerals and waste facilities, and safeguarding areas for existing and future facilities

, and ‘made’ Neighbourhood Plans produced by local communities for their designated areas. When it is adopted, the

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

will supersede the currently adopted local plans: 

• Cambridge Local Plan (2018) 
• South Cambridgeshire Local Plan (2018) 

The following Area Action Plans which provide guidance to specific areas will no longer be part of the development plan when the

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

is adopted. The planning context for these sites have changed to such an extent that their policies are to be entirely replaced by this

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

: 

• Cambridge East Area Action Plan (2008) 
• North West Cambridge Area Action Plan (2009) 
• Cambridge Southern Fringe Area Action Plan (2008) 
• Northstowe Area Action Plan (2007). 

Council strategies 

Cambridge City Council and South Cambridgeshire District Council have worked together to produce this joint

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. The plan will play a key role in meeting the objectives set out in both Council’s corporate plans. 

Cambridge City Council’s Corporate Plan from 2022 to 2027 

• Vision: ‘One Cambridge, Fair for All’. 
• Four key priorities for 2022 to 2027: 
  • Leading Cambridge’s response to the climate and biodiversity emergencies and creating a net zero council by 2030 
  • Tackling poverty and inequality and helping people in the greatest need 
  • Building a new generation of council and affordable homes and reducing homelessness 
  • Modernising the council to lead a greener city that is fair for all. 

South Cambridgeshire District Council’s Corporate Plan from 2025 to 2030 

• Vision: ‘Our vision is for a fairer, kinder, and greener South Cambridgeshire, where all residents will be equal partners in their communities.’ 
• Priorities: 
  • Healthy and supported communities 
  • Sustainable homes and vibrant places 

  • Being green to our core 

  • Helping businesses to thrive in South Cambridgeshire 

  • Financially secure and fit for the future. 

National context 

The

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

is informed by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), provides guidance for local planning authorities on how to prepare local plans and make decisions on planning applications. The NPPF are supported by more detailed guidance in Planning Practice Guidance (PPG). 

The

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

does not seek to repeat policies in the NPPF. It provides locally specific planning guidance reflecting the needs and opportunities of the area. At the time of writing, we are also expecting the government to produce a set of national development management policies. We will keep this under review and consider if there are implications for our

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

at the next stage. 

Regional context 

We work closely with bodies like the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority, who are the Local Transport Authority responsible for preparing the Local Transport Plan for the county, and Cambridgeshire County Council, who are responsible for a range of issues such as education. 

Our new

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

is being prepared within a wider regional context. We have a legal duty to cooperate with key stakeholders and surrounding areas on strategic cross boundary issues. Our discussions with surrounding authorities and stakeholders have helped to shape this draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. 

Our neighbourhoods and local areas 

Neighbourhood planning allows communities to prepare plans for their own neighbourhoods, which become part of the

This refers to development in its widest sense, including buildings, and streets, spaces and places. It also refers to both redevelopment, including refurbishment, as well as new development.

Plan for the area. Neighbourhood plans must work with the

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

, and not conflict with the ‘strategic policies’ set out. At the time of publishing this draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

, there are 13 plans already in place across

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

, and further plans are underway. More information can be found on our Greater Cambridge Neighbourhood Plans website.  

Working with Government and the Cambridge Growth Company 

In October 2024 the government issued a statement on Realising the Full Potential of Greater Cambridge. This highlighted that the economic growth of Cambridge has been a phenomenal success and the potential to make an even greater contribution to the UK economy. There remain significant barriers which are impeding further growth. 

The government has established the Cambridge Growth Company to work with local partners to develop and start to deliver an ambitious plan for delivering high-quality sustainable growth in Cambridge. Their work is focused on unlocking and accelerating developments, preparing the evidence base to support development of an infrastructure-first growth plan, and identifying solutions to complex planning constraints that effect the area. 

This draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

is based only upon the Councils’ own evidence following a normal approach to local plan-making. The government and the Cambridge Growth Company acknowledge the importance of the local plan and want to support its development in order to provide a strong foundation to consider any future wider considerations of growth in the Cambridge area. 

Figure 5 shows the stages of plan-making so far, and the stages that are still to come. Our programme has been longer than we originally expected, as issues arising during the process needed to be resolved before continuing, in particular around water supply and transport. 

Our plan making journey started back in 2019 with a series of workshops with stakeholders about issues and themes that would be important to the plan. 

In early 2020 we held a six-week public consultation called the First Conversation. This set out issues facing the area and posed a series of questions about how they should be addressed by the new plan. During the consultation, extensive outreach and activities took place in order to engage our communities as fully as possible. This included the Big Debate event that we held at the Cambridge Corn Exchange. We also received a large amount of feedback, including through the ‘call for sites’ which formed part of the consultation. We published the full results in July 2020. 

In November 2020 we published the findings of initial expert assessments of a range of broad spatial locations and growth level options. We also held another series of workshops with key stakeholders to explore these findings.

Our First Proposals consultation took place at the end of 2021. It set out our preferred approach to the level of growth that should be planned for, where it should be planned for, and policies that could be prepared to guide it. We published a report on the consultation and all the comments received in 2022. 

In 2023 we published a Development Strategy Update, where we considered the outcomes of the consultations and key parts of the emerging development strategy. 

You can find the documents from all these previous stage in our Document Library. We have also published an update to our Statement of Consultation, which shows how we have taken account of comments received at previous stages to inform the draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. 

The current stage provides the opportunity to comment and engage on the draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. We have drawn on all the engagement and feedback so far, and have prepared a substantial set of evidence documents, policies and sites that form part of the plan that we would seek to adopt. 

This is still very much a draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. We are seeking views and feedback before we prepare the final version of the plan that we would propose to adopt. In legal terms, this consultation forms part of our consultation under Regulation 18 of the Town and Country Planning (Local Planning) (England) Regulations 2012. 

North East Cambridge 

The Councils had been preparing a plan specifically for the area around the new Cambridge North Railway Station, called the North East Cambridge Area Action Plan. 

We held two public consultations on the North East Cambridge Area Action Plan we prepared this plan in 2019 and in 2020. We prepared a proposed submission Plan in 2021, but then we paused the process. This was because the plan was dependent on the Waste Water Treatment Plant relocation being planned by Anglian Water. This would free up are large part of the site and make a comprehensive redevelopment of the area possible. 

The process took longer than we originally expected, but in April 2025 Anglian Water’s application for a

This refers to development in its widest sense, including buildings, and streets, spaces and places. It also refers to both redevelopment, including refurbishment, as well as new development.

Consent Order was approved by the Secretary of State. However, in August 2025 the Government announced that it will not be funding the relocation of the Cambridge Waste Water Treatment Plant (CWWTP) through its Housing

Includes transport, energy, water, waste, digital/smart, social and green infrastructure.

Fund, which means that there is uncertainty as to whether the delivery of the Councils’ vision for North East Cambridge can be realised in full, including the assumed delivery of housing within the plan period. 

The next step for our Area Action Plan would have been to consult on the plan prior to submitting it to the secretary of state. However, now the timetable would be so closely aligned with the local plan timetable, and with uncertainty over delivery of the vision for the area, it would be more efficient and effective to include policies for the North East Cambridge area into the

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

rather than having them as a separate plan. This draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

therefore includes proposed policies for this area, and separate plan will not be taken forward. The consultation and engagement on the area action plan has helped to inform this draft policy.  

Evidence supporting the

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

 

The draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

has been informed by a wide range of evidence. This can be found on the

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

website in our Document Library. 

The evidence includes the Housing and Economic Land Availability Assessment that has tested over 1000 sites that were suggested to the Councils though a number of ‘call for sites’ opportunities. This allowed us to test a wide range site opportunities before deciding which sites to put in the draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. 

What happens next 

Once the Councils have considered all the responses to this consultation, they will prepare a

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

that they would like to submit to the Government so they can adopt it. This stage allows for a final period of public consultation where representations can be made on the plan's soundness and legal compliance before it's submitted to the Planning Inspectorate for review. This is known as the ’Regulation 19’ stage of plan- making. We are aiming to complete this stage before the end of 2026, reflecting the target for plan making set by the government. 

Local plans are examined by an independent planning inspector to assess whether they have been prepared in accordance with legal and procedural requirements, and whether they are ‘sound’, a term defined in national planning policy. The Inspector’s report will determine if the plan can be adopted. 

Our

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

seeks to provide a positive vision for the future of

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

. The aim is simple: to ensure sustainable development. Sustainable development has three strands – social, economic and environmental. It means meeting the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 

To properly reflect the three strands of sustainable development, we must plan for homes, jobs and supporting infrastructure (transport, utilities, services and facilities) in the right places, alongside protecting and enhancing the environment. 

Through the engagement with people on our plan-making journey, we have developed the plan around our ‘big themes’ that will influence how homes, jobs and infrastructure are planned. 

In addition to the themes, the draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

includes the strategy that the plan is proposing, which has been influenced by all of the themes, and sets out the development strategy and the proposed policies and sites that are proposed to meet our needs in

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

to 2045 and beyond. 

The

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

policies are therefore structured into eight areas: 

• This refers to development in its widest sense, including buildings, and streets, spaces and places. It also refers to both redevelopment, including refurbishment, as well as new development.

  strategy 
• Climate change 

• The variety of life in all its forms. This includes the plant and animal species that make up our wildlife and the habitats in which they live.

  and green spaces 
• Wellbeing and social inclusion 
• Great places 
• Jobs 
• Homes 

• Includes transport, energy, water, waste, digital/smart, social and green infrastructure.

   

It is important to note that when the plan is being used to make decisions, it should be read as a whole.

This refers to development in its widest sense, including buildings, and streets, spaces and places. It also refers to both redevelopment, including refurbishment, as well as new development.

proposals will be decided against all relevant policies.

Local Plans are made up of a series of planning policies. Planning policies are used to determining decisions on planning applications. 

As we move towards a more digital approach to planning, we have structured each policy around a template, which provide background on the policy and its status. This will help us when we develop our digital tools such as interactive maps. The Government is encouraging us to explore the development of plans in this way. 

Each policy contains the following information: 

• Policy reference and name: A code, made up of a two-digit code for the theme and then for the individual policy (for example, GP would be Great Places and GP/AR, would be for Archaeology policy). 
• What the policy does – The planning policy itself.
• Supporting information – Known as the supporting text of the policy, provides context and guidance for interpreting planning policies. 
• Supporting topic paper and evidence studies – Links to key supporting evidence documents that have helped to inform the policy. 

The plan is also made up of site specific allocations in new settlements, the rural southern cluster, the rest of the rural area, sites on the edge of Cambridge, and the Cambridge urban area. For these site specific allocations, we have used headings from the National Model Design Code that cover the identity, uses, context, built form, public space, nature, movement, resources and lifespan. 

Appendix C: Identifying the Strategic Policies in the

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

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Local plans must be accompanied by a policies map, which shows how all of the policies apply to different geographical areas. We have produced a draft policies map for this stage, showing how the proposed policies would be applied. 

The easiest way to view the map is on our website, where you can use our interactive map to zone in and out of the areas you are interested in and view individual map layers. 

We would welcome feedback on the policies map though the consultation. You can do this be commenting on the relevant policy within the draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

. 

Preparing a

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

requires gathering the appropriate level of evidence to inform the preparation of the plan, as required by national policy. Evidence documents can be found in the

The combined areas of Cambridge District and South Cambridgeshire District Councils.

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

Document Library. 

In particular, for each theme we have prepared a Topic Paper which provides further information on the evidence, plans and strategies and consultation feedback that have informed each policy.  

Sustainability Appraisal 

A key role of the planning system is to contribute to sustainable development. Each stage of plan making is accompanied by a Sustainability Appraisal. The aim of this process is to test the options and policies being considered by identifying potential positive and negative social, economic and environmental impacts, and highlighting opportunities to improve the plan. 

The draft

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

been subject to Sustainability Appraisal, and this has been published to accompany the consultation. This explores the sustainability of the strategy and policies and reasonable alternatives. We would welcome comments on the Sustainability Appraisal as part of this consultation. 

Guidance on how much weight should be given to draft plans when making decisions is provided by National Planning Policy Framework, paragraph 49. The weight will be a matter for the decision maker taking account of the specifics of the proposal, but as a draft ‘Regulation 18’

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

the weight is likely to be minimal until the plan reaches more advanced stages in its preparation. 

We will consider all comments while developing the next version of the

A plan for the future development of a local area, drawn up by the local planning authority in consultation with the community. In law this is described as the development plan documents adopted under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. A local plan can consist of either strategic or non-strategic policies, or a combination of the two.

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All comments must be received by 30 January 2026 at 5pm.